Monday, August 31, 2015

A Methodology for Making District Irrigation Plan

A Methodology for Making District Irrigation Plan
R.C. Srivastava
FNAAS, FISAE, FIE, FIASWC, FCHAI

            Prime Minister has initiated an ambitious project ‘PM Krishi Sinchai Yojna” to provide irrigation to millions of rainfed farmers of India. This project is probably next to execution of Major and Medium irrigation projects in 50s and 60s. Due to very high social and environmental costs of major and medium irrigation projects, this approach has been excluded from this scheme. This program focuses on block and district as implementation unit and therefore emphasis has been made to prepare district irrigation plan. Since the plan has to be implemented at village and block level, the methodology of making plans should be able to downscale to village and block level. With this in view, I tried to make a computer program in MS Excel to prepare a plan which can be both upscaled as well as down scaled. To make plan, I have divided districts in two categories: One which has alluvial aquifer, i.e. unconsolidated aquifer having potential of using ground water as major source, and second which has hard rock aquifer where irrigation can be provided by a combination of tanks and wells with tanks being used both as water source as well as recharge source for ground water to be exploited through open dug wells. In this region ground water can be economically  used  only through open dug wells having upstream structure (This observation is based upon my personal experience of working for 9 years in such an area of North Odisha). I have developed separate methodology for both types of topography and now working to develop an user friendly software so that field officials can use it for preparing irrigation plan.
                The methodology first assesses the water resources of the study area as well as estimate water requirement for different irrigation intensification scenario. It also examines potential of augmentation of existing resources. In case of alluvial aquifers, it estimated shortfall in water availability if irrigation requirement by spreading irrigation facility to a larger area is taken up and then estimate how much of this shortfall can be met up by artificial recharge  by harvesting  particular amount of runoff. For hard rock aquifer, the methodology gives design of Tank cum Well system developed by this author to irrigate plateau areas of eastern India to provide irrigation to maximum possible area. To evaluate whether the program can be used for planning at micro watershed level, data of a micro watershed of just 110 ha (as provided by official of watershed management program of Odisha Government) was used and it worked perfectly.

The methodology provides irrigation plan for different scenarios. For alluvial aquifers area, three plans have been conceptualized: Plan A- Providing irrigation to present rainfed areas in kharif and rabi; Plan B- roviding irrigation to rainfed areas of kharif and rabi, fallow areas of karif and rabi in BAU scenario, i.e. no enhancement of irrigation efficiency  in command areas of existing irrigation systems and no additional ground water recharge; Plan C- Providing irrigation to rainfed kharif and rabi, fallow kharif and part of fallow rabi with ground water recharge. For hard rock aquifer, four plans have been conceptualized with four levels of runoff, i.e. 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% being harvested for storage and recharge. The input parameters will be same for both areas, the output parameters will vary. The input and output parameters are given below. The irrigation plan can be further improved by adding provision of pressurized irrigation in part of irrigated area.

List of input data  Unit
1 Land utilization pattern
1.1 forest 000 ha
1.2 Misc trees & Groves 000 ha
1.3 permanent pastures 000 ha
1.4 Cultivable waste 000 ha
1.5 land in non agri use 000 ha
1.6 Barren & unculturable land 000 ha
1.7 Current fallow 000 ha
1.8 Other fallow 000 ha
1.9 Net cultivated area 000 ha
2 Total geographical area 000 ha
3 Runoff coefficients for different land uses
3.1 forest
3.2 Misc trees & Groves
3.3 permanent pastures
3.4 Cultivable waste
3.5 land in non agri use
3.6 Barren & unculturable land
3.7 Current fallow
3.8 Other fallow
3.9 Net cultivated area 000 ha
4 Land scenario
4.1 High 000 ha
4.2 Medium 000 ha
4.3 Low 000 ha
5 spread of paddy area in different landforms
5.1 High 000 ha
5.2 Medium 000 ha
5.3 Low  000 ha
6 Total rainfall, mm mm
7 Expected annual discharge from one tubewell per annum multiplying dischrge per second*3600*24*expected number of days of operation (normal 170 days 50 in kharif and 120 in rabi) ha m
8 Ground water potential, 000 ha m 000 ha m
9 Percent exploitation of Ground water, % %
10 Net Cultivated area 000 ha 
10.1 Cultivated area in kharif 000 ha 
10.2 Cultivated area in rabi 000 ha 
10.3 Cultivated area in summer 000 ha 
11 Net irrigated area, 000 ha 000 ha 
11.1 kharif 000 ha 
11.2 rabi 000 ha 
11.3 summer  000 ha 
12 Total area under different crops during kharif,  000 ha
12.1 Rice  000 ha
10.2 Maize  000 ha
10.3 Pulses  000 ha
10.4 Vegetables  000 ha
10.5 Oilseeds & others  000 ha
11 Total area under different crops during rabi,  000 ha
11.1 Rice  000 ha
11.2 Maize & wheat  000 ha
11.3 Pulses  000 ha
11.4 Vegetables  000 ha
11.5 Oilseeds & others  000 ha
12 Total irrigated area under different crops during kharif,
12.1 Rice  000 ha
12.2 Maize  000 ha
12.3 Pulses  000 ha
12.4 Vegetables  000 ha
12.5 Oilseeds & others  000 ha
13 Total irrigated area under different crops during rabi,
13.1 Rice  000 ha
13.2 Maize & wheat  000 ha
13.3 Pulses  000 ha
13.4 Vegetables  000 ha
13.5 Oilseeds & others  000 ha
14 Irrigation requirement of different crops during kharif,
14.1 Rice m
14.2 Maize m
14.3 Pulses m
14.4 Vegetables m
14.5 Oilseeds & others m
15 Irrigation requirement of different crops during rabi
15.1 Rice m
15.2 Maize & wheat m
15.3 Pulses m
15.4 Vegetables m
15.5 Oilseeds & others m
16 Irrigation efficiency of canal irrigated areas
17 Irrigation efficiency of tubewell irrigated areas         

Output parameters
1 PLAN A -Providing irrigation to present rainfed areas in kharif and rabi
1.1 No of tubewells required to be  constructed if present rainfed KHARIF and  RABI is to be brought  under irrigation no
1.2 Total additional area which can be brought under irrigation in kharif 000 ha m
1.3 Total additional area which can be brought under irrigation in rabi 000 ha m
1.4 Total area under irrigation after execution of plan A,i.e., present area under irrigation + additional area brought under irrigation in kharif 000 ha m
1.5 Total area under irrigation after execution of plan A,i.e., present area under irrigation + additional area brought under irrigation in arbi 000 ha m
1.6 Total percent area irrigated in kharif after execution of Plan A %
1.7 Total percent area irrigated in rabi after execution of Plan A %
1.8 Estimate total amount of GW to be pumped additionally,Ha m ha m
1.9 Estimate annual energy requirement for pumping this amount of water, MILLION Kwh MkWH
2 Total additional  irrigated area under different crops during kharif,
2.1 Rice 000 ha 
2.2 Maize 000 ha 
2.3 Pulses 000 ha 
2.4 Vegetables 000 ha 
2.5 Oilseeds & others 000 ha 
2.6 Total additional  irrigated area under different crops during rabi,
2.7 Rice 000 ha 
2.8 Maize & wheat 000 ha 
2.9 Pulses 000 ha 
2.1 Vegetables 000 ha 
2.11 Oilseeds & others 000 ha     
3.1 PLAN B -Providing irrigation to rainfed areas of kharif and rabi, fallow areas of karif and rabi in BAU scenario, i.e. no enhancement of irrigation efficiency  in command areas of existing irrigation systems and no additional ground water recharge
3.2 Percent of kharif fallow which can be irrigated in BAU scenario %
3.3 Percent of rabi fallow which can be irrigated in BAU scenario %
3.4 Total additional area which can be brought under irrigation in kharif 000 ha
3.5 Total additional area which can be brought under irrigation in rabi 000 ha
3.6 No of tubewells required  to irrigate rainfed areas of kharif and rabi and kharif fallow and amentioned percent of rabi fallow 
4.6 Total area under irrigation after execution of plan A,i.e., present area under irrigation + additional area brought under irrigation in kharif 000 ha
3.7 Total area under irrigation after execution of plan A,i.e., present area under irrigation + additional area brought under irrigation in arbi 000 ha
3.8 Total percent area irrigated in kharif after execution of Plan B %
3.9 Total percent area irrigated in rabi after execution of Plan B %
3.1 Estimate total amount of GW to be pumped additionally,Ha m ha m
3.11 Estimate annual energy requirement for pumping this amount of water, MILLION Kwh MkWH
3.12 Total additional  irrigated area under different crops during kharif,
3.12.1 Rice 000 ha 
3.12.2 Maize 000 ha 
3.12.3 Pulses 000 ha 
3.12.4 Vegetables 000 ha 
3.12.5 Oilseeds & others 000 ha 
3.13 Total additional  irrigated area under different crops during rabi,
3.13.1 Rice 000 ha 
3.13.1 Maize & wheat 000 ha 
3.13.3 Pulses 000 ha 
3.12.4 Vegetables 000 ha 
3.13.5 Oilseeds & others 000 ha 
4.1 Plan C- Providing irrigation to rainfed kharif and rabi, fallow kharif and part of fallow rabi
4.2 Percent of fallow rabi land which can be brought under irrigation  %
4.3 Best combination of options of ground water recharge, enhancing efficiency
4.4 Estimate total amount of runoff to be recharged, Ha m ha m
4.5 Estimate total amount of GW to be pumped additionally,Ha m ha m
4.6 T total number of additional tubewells required to pump this water 
4.7 Estimate annual energy requirement for pumping this amount of water, MILLION Kwh MkWH
4.8 Estimated no of recharge structures required to recharge total amount of runoff to be recharged as in CN7
4.9 Total additional gross  irrigated area,  000 ha
4.1 Total additional  irrigated area under different crops during kharif,
4.10.1 Rice 000 ha 
4.10.2 Maize 000 ha 
4.10.3 Pulses 000 ha 
4.10.4 Vegetables 000 ha 
4.10.5 Oilseeds & others 000 ha 
4.11 Total additional  irrigated area under different crops during rabi,
4.11.1 Rice 000 ha 
4.11.2 Maize & wheat 000 ha 
4.11.3 Pulses 000 ha 
4.11.4 Vegetables 000 ha 
4.11.5 Oilseeds & others 000 ha 
4.12 Total irrigated area in kharif, 000 ha 000 ha 
4.13 Total irrigated area in rabi, 000 ha 000 ha 
4.14 Percent area irrigated in kharif,
4.15 Percent area irrigated in rabi,
Output parameters for hard rock aquifer areas
1 Total amount of tank storage required, ha m ha m
2 No of open dug wells required to be constructed if present rainfed rabi and equivalent kharif area is brought under irrigation no
3 Total additional area which can be brought under irrigation in kharif 000 ha m
4 Total additional area which can be brought under irrigation in rabi 000 ha m
5 Total area under irrigation after execution of plan A,i.e., present area under irrigation + additional area brought under irrigation in kharif 000 ha m
6 Total area under irrigation after execution of plan A,i.e., present area under irrigation + additional area brought under irrigation in arbi 000 ha m
7 Total percent area irrigated in kharif after execution of Plan A %
8 Total percent area irrigated in rabi after execution of Plan A %
9 Estimate total amount of GW to be pumped additionally,Ha m ha m
10 Estimate annual energy requirement for pumping this amount of water, MILLION Kwh MkWH
11 Total additional  irrigated area under different crops during kharif,
11.1 Rice 000 ha 
11.2 Maize 000 ha 
11.3 Pulses 000 ha 
11.4 Vegetables 000 ha 
11.6 Oilseeds & others 000 ha 
12 Total additional  irrigated area under different crops during rabi,
12.1 Rice 000 ha 
12.2 Maize & wheat 000 ha 
12.3 Pulses 000 ha 
12.4 Vegetables 000 ha 
12.5 Oilseeds & others 000 ha 

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