A Methodology for Making District
Irrigation Plan
R.C.
Srivastava
FNAAS, FISAE, FIE, FIASWC, FCHAI
Prime
Minister has initiated an ambitious project ‘PM Krishi Sinchai Yojna” to
provide irrigation to millions of rainfed farmers of India. This project is
probably next to execution of Major and Medium irrigation projects in 50s and
60s. Due to very high social and environmental costs of major and medium
irrigation projects, this approach has been excluded from this scheme. This program
focuses on block and district as implementation unit and therefore emphasis has
been made to prepare district irrigation plan. Since the plan has to be
implemented at village and block level, the methodology of making plans should
be able to downscale to village and block level. With this in view, I tried to
make a computer program in MS Excel to prepare a plan which can be both
upscaled as well as down scaled. To make plan, I have divided districts in two
categories: One which has alluvial aquifer, i.e. unconsolidated aquifer having
potential of using ground water as major source, and second which has hard rock
aquifer where irrigation can be provided by a combination of tanks and wells
with tanks being used both as water source as well as recharge source for ground
water to be exploited through open dug wells. In this region ground water can
be economically used only through open dug wells having upstream structure
(This observation is based upon my personal experience of working for 9 years
in such an area of North Odisha). I have developed separate methodology for
both types of topography and now working to develop an user friendly software
so that field officials can use it for preparing irrigation plan.
The
methodology first assesses the water resources of the study area as well as
estimate water requirement for different irrigation intensification scenario.
It also examines potential of augmentation of existing resources. In case of
alluvial aquifers, it estimated shortfall in water availability if irrigation
requirement by spreading irrigation facility to a larger area is taken up and
then estimate how much of this shortfall can be met up by artificial
recharge by harvesting particular amount of runoff. For hard rock
aquifer, the methodology gives design of Tank cum Well system developed by this
author to irrigate plateau areas of eastern India to provide irrigation to
maximum possible area. To evaluate whether the program can be used for planning
at micro watershed level, data of a micro watershed of just 110 ha (as provided
by official of watershed management program of Odisha Government) was used and
it worked perfectly.
The methodology
provides irrigation plan for different scenarios. For alluvial aquifers area,
three plans have been conceptualized: Plan A- Providing irrigation to
present rainfed areas in kharif and rabi; Plan B- roviding irrigation to
rainfed areas of kharif and rabi, fallow areas of karif and rabi in BAU
scenario, i.e. no enhancement of irrigation efficiency in command areas of existing irrigation
systems and no additional ground water recharge; Plan C- Providing
irrigation to rainfed kharif and rabi, fallow kharif and part of fallow rabi
with ground water recharge. For hard rock aquifer, four plans have been
conceptualized with four levels of runoff, i.e. 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% being
harvested for storage and recharge. The input parameters will be same for both
areas, the output parameters will vary. The input and output parameters are
given below. The irrigation plan can be further improved by adding provision of
pressurized irrigation in part of irrigated area.
|
List of input data |
Unit |
| 1 |
Land utilization pattern |
|
| 1.1 |
forest |
000 ha |
| 1.2 |
Misc trees & Groves |
000 ha |
| 1.3 |
permanent pastures |
000 ha |
| 1.4 |
Cultivable waste |
000 ha |
| 1.5 |
land in non agri use |
000 ha |
| 1.6 |
Barren & unculturable land |
000 ha |
| 1.7 |
Current fallow |
000 ha |
| 1.8 |
Other fallow |
000 ha |
| 1.9 |
Net cultivated area |
000 ha |
| 2 |
Total geographical area |
000 ha |
| 3 |
Runoff coefficients for
different land uses |
|
| 3.1 |
forest |
|
| 3.2 |
Misc trees & Groves |
|
| 3.3 |
permanent pastures |
|
| 3.4 |
Cultivable waste |
|
| 3.5 |
land in non agri use |
|
| 3.6 |
Barren & unculturable land |
|
| 3.7 |
Current fallow |
|
| 3.8 |
Other fallow |
|
| 3.9 |
Net cultivated area |
000 ha |
| 4 |
Land scenario |
|
| 4.1 |
High |
000 ha |
| 4.2 |
Medium |
000 ha |
| 4.3 |
Low |
000 ha |
| 5 |
spread of paddy area in
different landforms |
|
| 5.1 |
High |
000 ha |
| 5.2 |
Medium |
000 ha |
| 5.3 |
Low |
000 ha |
| 6 |
Total rainfall, mm |
mm |
| 7 |
Expected annual discharge from
one tubewell per annum multiplying dischrge per second*3600*24*expected
number of days of operation (normal 170 days 50 in kharif and 120 in rabi) |
ha m |
| 8 |
Ground water potential, 000 ha m |
000 ha m |
| 9 |
Percent exploitation of Ground
water, % |
% |
| 10 |
Net Cultivated area |
000 ha |
| 10.1 |
Cultivated area in kharif |
000 ha |
| 10.2 |
Cultivated area in rabi |
000 ha |
| 10.3 |
Cultivated area in summer |
000 ha |
| 11 |
Net irrigated area, 000 ha |
000 ha |
| 11.1 |
kharif |
000 ha |
| 11.2 |
rabi |
000 ha |
| 11.3 |
summer |
000 ha |
| 12 |
Total area under different crops during kharif, |
000 ha |
| 12.1 |
Rice |
000 ha |
| 10.2 |
Maize |
000 ha |
| 10.3 |
Pulses |
000 ha |
| 10.4 |
Vegetables |
000 ha |
| 10.5 |
Oilseeds & others |
000 ha |
| 11 |
Total area under different crops
during rabi, |
000 ha |
| 11.1 |
Rice |
000 ha |
| 11.2 |
Maize & wheat |
000 ha |
| 11.3 |
Pulses |
000 ha |
| 11.4 |
Vegetables |
000 ha |
| 11.5 |
Oilseeds & others |
000 ha |
| 12 |
Total irrigated area
under different crops during kharif, |
| 12.1 |
Rice |
000 ha |
| 12.2 |
Maize |
000 ha |
| 12.3 |
Pulses |
000 ha |
| 12.4 |
Vegetables |
000 ha |
| 12.5 |
Oilseeds & others |
000 ha |
| 13 |
Total irrigated area under different crops during rabi, |
|
| 13.1 |
Rice |
000 ha |
| 13.2 |
Maize & wheat |
000 ha |
| 13.3 |
Pulses |
000 ha |
| 13.4 |
Vegetables |
000 ha |
| 13.5 |
Oilseeds & others |
000 ha |
| 14 |
Irrigation requirement of
different crops during kharif, |
| 14.1 |
Rice |
m |
| 14.2 |
Maize |
m |
| 14.3 |
Pulses |
m |
| 14.4 |
Vegetables |
m |
| 14.5 |
Oilseeds & others |
m |
| 15 |
Irrigation requirement of different crops during rabi |
|
| 15.1 |
Rice |
m |
| 15.2 |
Maize & wheat |
m |
| 15.3 |
Pulses |
m |
| 15.4 |
Vegetables |
m |
| 15.5 |
Oilseeds & others |
m |
| 16 |
Irrigation efficiency of canal irrigated areas |
|
| 17 |
Irrigation efficiency of tubewell irrigated areas |
|
|
Output parameters |
|
| 1 |
PLAN A -Providing irrigation to
present rainfed areas in kharif and rabi |
|
| 1.1 |
No of tubewells required to
be constructed if present rainfed
KHARIF and RABI is to be brought under irrigation |
no |
| 1.2 |
Total additional area which can
be brought under irrigation in kharif |
000 ha m |
| 1.3 |
Total additional area which can
be brought under irrigation in rabi |
000 ha m |
| 1.4 |
Total area under irrigation
after execution of plan A,i.e., present area under irrigation + additional
area brought under irrigation in kharif |
000 ha m |
| 1.5 |
Total area under irrigation
after execution of plan A,i.e., present area under irrigation + additional
area brought under irrigation in arbi |
000 ha m |
| 1.6 |
Total percent area irrigated in
kharif after execution of Plan A |
% |
| 1.7 |
Total percent area irrigated in
rabi after execution of Plan A |
% |
| 1.8 |
Estimate total amount of GW to
be pumped additionally,Ha m |
ha m |
| 1.9 |
Estimate annual energy
requirement for pumping this amount of water, MILLION Kwh |
MkWH |
| 2 |
Total additional irrigated area under different crops during
kharif, |
| 2.1 |
Rice |
000 ha |
| 2.2 |
Maize |
000 ha |
| 2.3 |
Pulses |
000 ha |
| 2.4 |
Vegetables |
000 ha |
| 2.5 |
Oilseeds & others |
000 ha |
| 2.6 |
Total additional irrigated area under different crops during
rabi, |
| 2.7 |
Rice |
000 ha |
| 2.8 |
Maize & wheat |
000 ha |
| 2.9 |
Pulses |
000 ha |
| 2.1 |
Vegetables |
000 ha |
| 2.11 |
Oilseeds & others |
000 ha |
| 3.1 |
PLAN B -Providing irrigation to
rainfed areas of kharif and rabi, fallow areas of karif and rabi in BAU
scenario, i.e. no enhancement of irrigation efficiency in command areas of existing irrigation
systems and no additional ground water recharge |
|
| 3.2 |
Percent of kharif fallow which
can be irrigated in BAU scenario |
% |
| 3.3 |
Percent of rabi fallow which can
be irrigated in BAU scenario |
% |
| 3.4 |
Total additional area which can
be brought under irrigation in kharif |
000 ha |
| 3.5 |
Total additional area which can
be brought under irrigation in rabi |
000 ha |
| 3.6 |
No of tubewells required to irrigate rainfed areas of kharif and
rabi and kharif fallow and amentioned percent of rabi fallow |
|
| 4.6 |
Total area under irrigation
after execution of plan A,i.e., present area under irrigation + additional
area brought under irrigation in kharif |
000 ha |
| 3.7 |
Total area under irrigation
after execution of plan A,i.e., present area under irrigation + additional
area brought under irrigation in arbi |
000 ha |
| 3.8 |
Total percent area irrigated in
kharif after execution of Plan B |
% |
| 3.9 |
Total percent area irrigated in
rabi after execution of Plan B |
% |
| 3.1 |
Estimate total amount of GW to
be pumped additionally,Ha m |
ha m |
| 3.11 |
Estimate annual energy
requirement for pumping this amount of water, MILLION Kwh |
MkWH |
| 3.12 |
Total additional irrigated area under different crops during
kharif, |
| 3.12.1 |
Rice |
000 ha |
| 3.12.2 |
Maize |
000 ha |
| 3.12.3 |
Pulses |
000 ha |
| 3.12.4 |
Vegetables |
000 ha |
| 3.12.5 |
Oilseeds & others |
000 ha |
| 3.13 |
Total additional irrigated area under different crops during
rabi, |
| 3.13.1 |
Rice |
000 ha |
| 3.13.1 |
Maize & wheat |
000 ha |
| 3.13.3 |
Pulses |
000 ha |
| 3.12.4 |
Vegetables |
000 ha |
| 3.13.5 |
Oilseeds & others |
000 ha |
| 4.1 |
Plan C- Providing irrigation to
rainfed kharif and rabi, fallow kharif and part of fallow rabi |
|
| 4.2 |
Percent of fallow rabi land
which can be brought under irrigation |
% |
| 4.3 |
Best combination of options of
ground water recharge, enhancing efficiency |
|
| 4.4 |
Estimate total amount of runoff
to be recharged, Ha m |
ha m |
| 4.5 |
Estimate total amount of GW to
be pumped additionally,Ha m |
ha m |
| 4.6 |
T total number of additional
tubewells required to pump this water |
|
| 4.7 |
Estimate annual energy
requirement for pumping this amount of water, MILLION Kwh |
MkWH |
| 4.8 |
Estimated no of recharge
structures required to recharge total amount of runoff to be recharged as in
CN7 |
|
| 4.9 |
Total additional gross irrigated area, |
000 ha |
| 4.1 |
Total additional irrigated area under different crops during
kharif, |
| 4.10.1 |
Rice |
000 ha |
| 4.10.2 |
Maize |
000 ha |
| 4.10.3 |
Pulses |
000 ha |
| 4.10.4 |
Vegetables |
000 ha |
| 4.10.5 |
Oilseeds & others |
000 ha |
| 4.11 |
Total additional irrigated area under different crops during
rabi, |
| 4.11.1 |
Rice |
000 ha |
| 4.11.2 |
Maize & wheat |
000 ha |
| 4.11.3 |
Pulses |
000 ha |
| 4.11.4 |
Vegetables |
000 ha |
| 4.11.5 |
Oilseeds & others |
000 ha |
| 4.12 |
Total irrigated area in kharif,
000 ha |
000 ha |
| 4.13 |
Total irrigated area in rabi,
000 ha |
000 ha |
| 4.14 |
Percent area irrigated in
kharif, |
|
| 4.15 |
Percent area irrigated in rabi, |
|
| Output
parameters for hard rock aquifer areas |
| 1 |
Total amount of tank storage
required, ha m |
ha m |
| 2 |
No of open dug wells required to
be constructed if present rainfed rabi and equivalent kharif area is brought
under irrigation |
no |
| 3 |
Total additional area which can
be brought under irrigation in kharif |
000 ha m |
| 4 |
Total additional area which can
be brought under irrigation in rabi |
000 ha m |
| 5 |
Total area under irrigation
after execution of plan A,i.e., present area under irrigation + additional
area brought under irrigation in kharif |
000 ha m |
| 6 |
Total area under irrigation
after execution of plan A,i.e., present area under irrigation + additional
area brought under irrigation in arbi |
000 ha m |
| 7 |
Total percent area irrigated in
kharif after execution of Plan A |
% |
| 8 |
Total percent area irrigated in
rabi after execution of Plan A |
% |
| 9 |
Estimate total amount of GW to
be pumped additionally,Ha m |
ha m |
| 10 |
Estimate annual energy
requirement for pumping this amount of water, MILLION Kwh |
MkWH |
| 11 |
Total additional irrigated area under different crops during
kharif, |
| 11.1 |
Rice |
000 ha |
| 11.2 |
Maize |
000 ha |
| 11.3 |
Pulses |
000 ha |
| 11.4 |
Vegetables |
000 ha |
| 11.6 |
Oilseeds & others |
000 ha |
| 12 |
Total additional irrigated area under different crops during
rabi, |
| 12.1 |
Rice |
000 ha |
| 12.2 |
Maize & wheat |
000 ha |
| 12.3 |
Pulses |
000 ha |
| 12.4 |
Vegetables |
000 ha |
| 12.5 |
Oilseeds & others |
000 ha |
